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Abstract

Living materials, which leverage the inherent properties and self-organizing capabilities of living organisms, have gained substantial interest in the construction field due to their unique combination of sustainability, biocompatibility, and adaptability.
Among the various living materials, fungi-based constructions have emerged as a promising avenue, harnessing the remarkable attributes of fungi to create resilient, environmentally friendly, and innovative architectural solutions.
This case provides an overview of the state-of-the-art in fungal-based constructions and explores the key principles underlying such constructions, the types of fungi used, and the structural properties and performance characteristics of resulting fungal materials. Additionally, it discusses the environmental benefits, limitations, and future prospects of fungal-based constructions, paving the way for integrating living materials into mainstream construction practices. The case also highlights three companies– Biohm, Mogu, and Ecovative– that are at the forefront of fungal-based construction.

Main Highlights

Problem: The construction sector has a significant environmental impact globally, ranging from greenhouse gasses emissions, resource depletion, waste generation, habitat destruction and land use, air and water pollution, energy consumption and indirect impact on climate change by building infrastructure and buildings that may not be energy-efficient or resilient to climate change impacts, thereby increasing the need for cooling, heating, and artificial lighting.

Context: There are several solutions for the construction sector, ranging from the circular use of resources to alternative materials, especially those of natural origin.

Solution: Constructions from living materials, particularly fungi, offer a promising path towards sustainable and adaptive architecture. Mycelium is incredibly resilient and adaptable. It also possesses excellent binding capabilities and inherent lightweight, fibrous structures that offer excellent strength-to-weight ratios.

Impact Statement: Mycelium-based construction and architecture are still emerging fields. Nevertheless, it can potentially disrupt the construction sector by offering sustainable, low-carbon, and versatile alternatives to traditional building materials.

Systems Perspective: Scientific research suggests that mycelium-based construction and architecture have the potential to be feasible, cost-effective, and sustainable. However, it’s important to note that the cost-effectiveness of mycelium-based construction is still being explored, and its commercial viability is subject to further research, development, and scale of production. While fungal-based constructions hold tremendous potential, several challenges must be addressed for their widespread adoption.

Case Overview

In recent years, the construction field has witnessed a remarkable shift towards sustainable and environmentally friendly practices. Among the emerging approaches, using living materials has garnered significant attention due to its potential to revolutionize the way we build. Living materials leverage living organisms’ inherent properties and abilities to create resilient, adaptive, and biocompatible structures. Fungi-based constructions offer unique advantages such as sustainability, versatility, and regenerative potential, making them an intriguing avenue for innovative architectural solutions.

Fungi are a diverse kingdom of organisms that possess extraordinary capabilities. They have the ability to grow and self-assemble, forming complex networks of filaments called mycelium. Mycelium is the vegetative part of a fungus, and it consists of a network of fine, thread-like structures called hyphae. These hyphae grow underground or within a substrate, forming a vast　network called a mycelial network. The mycelial network is the foundation for fungal-based constructions, imparting structural integrity and material adaptability.

Mycelium is incredibly resilient and adaptable. It can thrive in diverse environments, ranging from forests and grasslands to deserts and even polar regions. It is considered one of the largest living organisms on Earth: a single fungal organism can spread over vast areas, often covering several acres. Moreover, mycelium possesses the unique ability to grow and adapt to its environment: it can respond to changes in temperature, humidity, and other conditions, allowing it to potentially self-repair structural damage. This adaptive quality offers intriguing possibilities for creating living, responsive architectural systems.

Several types of fungi have been explored for construction purposes, each with its distinct attributes. Mycelium-forming fungi, such as species from the genus Pleurotus and Ganoderma, are commonly used due to their rapid growth and ability to bind with various substrates. Ganoderma mycelium exhibits strong mycelial growth, which allows for rapid formation and colonization of the substrate. It also possesses excellent binding capabilities, effectively binding together the agricultural waste or substrate used as the growth medium. Akin to Trametes versicolor, lignin-degrading fungi can decompose lignin-rich materials, making them suitable for bioremediation and construction applications. Filamentous fungi, including Neurospora crassa and Aspergillus niger, are being investigated for their potential to create intricate and customizable structures.

The production of fungal-based constructions involves several stages. It starts with designing and preparing a suitable substrate that provides the necessary nutrients for fungal growth. The substrate can range from agricultural waste, such as straw and wood chips, to synthetic materials. Once the substrate is inoculated with fungal spores or mycelium, optimal growth conditions, including temperature and humidity, are maintained to promote mycelial expansion. Shaping and forming techniques, such as molding or 3D printing, can be employed to achieve desired structures. Post-processing steps may include drying, heat treatment, or surface modifications to enhance the material’s properties. The resulting material is lightweight, strong, and biodegradable, making it an eco-friendly alternative to traditional construction materials like concrete, plastic, or foam.

Fungal-based materials exhibit intriguing structural properties. They possess inherent lightweight, fibrous structures that offer excellent strength-to-weight ratios. The mycelial　networks intertwine, creating interlocking structures with high load-bearing capacity. These materials also exhibit good thermal insulation properties, making them suitable for building envelopes. The interconnected hyphae create a network of air pockets, which helps regulate temperature and reduce energy consumption. Mycelium insulation is also fire-resistant and can absorb and dissipate sound waves, improving building acoustics. Furthermore, their natural dimensional stability and moisture absorption capabilities contribute to their durability and suitability for diverse construction applications. By growing mycelium within molds or formwork, it can form solid structures that have been tested for strength and durability. These structures can be used for walls, panels, beams, and other architectural elements.

One of the most significant advantages of living materials, including fungal-based constructions, is their environmental sustainability. Fungal growth is fueled by organic waste materials such as agricultural byproducts, reducing the reliance on non-renewable resources or resource-intensive manufacturing processes. Moreover, the production process generates minimal carbon emissions, contributing to a reduced carbon footprint. Fungal materials are also biodegradable, supporting the concept of a circular economy and minimizing waste generation. Using living materials can also foster ecological design and promote biodiversity in urban environments. Additionally, mycelium actively sequesters carbon from the atmosphere during its growth.

Here are three examples of companies investing in and promoting mycelium and food waste to create regenerative construction materials:

1. Biohm
Biohm is a London-based company that focuses on research, development, and implementation of innovative solutions in the field of bio-based materials and sustainable construction. They aim to transform the built environment by incorporating principles from nature and biology to create healthier, more environmentally friendly spaces. Biohm’s primary objective is to develop sustainable building materials and systems prioritizing human and environmental well-being. They explore the potential of biomimicry, a design approach inspired by nature, to develop efficient and sustainable solutions.

One of Biohm’s key products is called Triagomy. It is a bio-based insulation material that utilizes agricultural waste, such as straw, hemp, or corn stalks, mixed with a natural binder. Triagomy offers excellent thermal performance, moisture regulation, and acoustic properties, making it an ideal alternative to traditional insulation materials with a lower environmental impact. According to the company, “Life-cycle assessments comparing Triagomy with traditional construction methods have shown 40% to 90% reductions in the environmental impact, using conventional materials such as eco-concrete. Further assessments show that by incorporating our bio-based materials, Triagomy is able to achieve reductions of up to 120% in the environmental impact.”

Left Image: Biohm uses orange peel, cocoa husks, and other food waste, to develop and design construction materials such as mycelium-based insulation panels, plant-based concrete alternatives, and sustainable replacers for wood-based construction sheets. Right Image: mycelium-based wall panels. Source: Biohm

Biohm also focuses on developing innovative construction systems that support circular economy principles. They aim to reduce waste generation by employing modular construction techniques and designing buildings for disassembly and material reuse. Biohm grows mushrooms in agricultural waste, and then uses mycelium, the thread-like roots that connect the fungus, to make clean, effective insulation panels or wall panels (image to the right). By emphasizing the use of bio-based materials, they strive to minimize the reliance on non-renewable resources and reduce carbon emissions associated with the construction industry.

In addition to material development, Biohm offers consultancy and design services to help clients integrate sustainable practices into their construction projects. They provide expertise in areas such as building biology, circular design, and bio-based materials selection. Through their consulting services, Biohm aims to raise awareness and promote adopting sustainable construction practices across the industry. Biohm’s approach to sustainability extends beyond materials and construction techniques. They prioritize the health and well-being of occupants by considering indoor air quality, biophilia (integrating natural elements into built environments), and the potential impact of buildings on human health. They strive to create spaces that enhance the overall quality of life for occupants while minimizing the environmental footprint.

2. Mogu

Located in Inarzo in Italy, Mogu is a company that specializes in the development and production of sustainable materials using mycelium, the vegetative part of fungi. They are at the forefront of utilizing fungal-based materials to create innovative, eco-friendly solutions for various industries. Mogu’s primary focus is on mycelium-based products for the construction and interior design sectors: they have developed a range of materials that are not only environmentally friendly but also possess exceptional properties suitable for construction applications.

Mogu’s product range includes various applications of mycelium-based materials, such as acoustic panels, wall coverings, furniture, floors and packaging solutions. These materials can be customized in terms of color, texture, and shape, providing versatility for different design needs. The company collaborates with architects, designers, and manufacturers to incorporate their materials into real-world projects, aiming to promote sustainable practices in industries where traditional materials have a larger ecological footprint. Some of their key products include:

Acoustic Panels – designed to improve sound absorption and reduce noise in various spaces such as offices, schools, and public buildings. These panels are functional and aesthetically pleasing, offering a sustainable alternative to conventional acoustic materials.

Wall Coverings – Mogu’s mycelium-based wall coverings provide an eco-friendly option for interior design. These coverings can be used in both residential and commercial spaces, offering a unique texture and visual appeal while promoting sustainability.

Furniture and Flooring – designed and manufactured using mycelium-based materials. This includes chairs, tables, Flex covering and tiles and other pieces that showcase the versatility and strength of their biomaterials. These furniture and floor items are environmentally friendly, visually appealing, and durable.

Packaging Solutions using mycelium-based materials- these materials can be molded into various shapes and sizes to create protective and compostable packaging, reducing the environmental impact associated with traditional packaging materials like plastics or foams.

Mogu’s commitment to sustainability extends beyond its products. They strive to minimize　their environmental impact by using locally sourced agricultural waste as feedstock and implementing a closed-loop production process. They prioritize the principles of the circular economy, aiming to create fully biodegradable materials that can be recycled or composted at the end of their lifecycle. Through their innovative approach and dedication to sustainable materials, Mogu is playing a significant role in advancing the field of fungal-based constructions. Their products offer viable alternatives to traditional materials, reducing reliance on non-renewable resources and promoting a more sustainable and regenerative approach to building and design.

3. Ecovative

Ecovative is a New York based company that specializes in developing and producing sustainable materials using a unique approach called mycelium biofabrication. They are at the forefront of utilizing fungal-based technologies to create environmentally friendly alternatives to conventional materials across various industries: construction, packaging, fashion and food.

One of Ecovative’s primary products is called MycoComposite. It is a versatile, biodegradable, and high-performing material made by growing mycelium on agricultural waste, especially hemp. The mycelium acts as a natural binder, forming a strong and durable composite that can be molded into various shapes and sizes. MycoComposite can be an alternative to plastic foams, packaging materials, and structural components in construction. Ecovative also offers Forager foam, a flexible and bio-based foam material that can be used in footwear, upholstery, and packaging applications. Forager provides a sustainable alternative to petroleum-based foams, offering excellent cushioning and shock-absorbing properties.

Ecovative promotes a circular economy by designing materials that can be composted at the end of their life cycle, closing the loop and minimizing waste. They prioritize environmentally friendly manufacturing practices, utilizing renewable energy sources and minimizing water usage. Furthermore, Ecovative actively collaborates with various industries, including packaging, consumer goods, and construction, to integrate their fungal-based materials into existing supply chains and applications. They offer customization and consulting services to help companies incorporate sustainable materials into their products.

Constructions from living materials, particularly fungi, offer a promising path towards sustainable and adaptive architecture. The state of the art in fungal-based constructions highlights their remarkable properties, ranging from their growth and self-assembly capabilities to their structural integrity and environmental benefits. While challenges remain, continued research, interdisciplinary collaboration, and innovation will pave the way for integrating living materials into mainstream construction practices. As we navigate the path towards a more sustainable future, these living materials have the potential to reshape the way we build and contribute to a more harmonious relationship between architecture and the natural world.

Impact Statement

Mycelium-based construction and architecture are still emerging fields and their impact on the construction sector is slowly growing. While it is gaining attention and showing promise, it’s important to note that mycelium-based construction is not yet widely adopted or implemented at a large scale. Nevertheless, it can potentially disrupt the construction sector by offering sustainable, low-carbon, and versatile alternatives to traditional building materials. Continued research, investment, and adoption can help accelerate its impact and make it a viable and mainstream option for construction and architecture in the future.
Here are some of the several potential impacts of using mycelium and fungal-based materials in construction on a large scale:

● Sustainability: Mycelium is a sustainable material as it can be grown using agricultural waste or by-products, which helps reduce the need for traditional construction materials like cement and steel. It has a lower carbon footprint and reduces overall environmental impact.

● Biodegradability: Mycelium-based materials are biodegradable, meaning they can break down naturally over time. This characteristic can reduce the burden of construction waste and landfill usage.

● Insulation and Fire Resistance: Mycelium materials have good insulation properties and can offer fire resistance, making them suitable for various construction applications.

● Lightweight: Mycelium-based materials are lightweight, which can simplify transportation and decrease energy consumption during construction.

● Versatility: Mycelium can be molded into various shapes and forms, allowing for versatile applications in construction, including architectural components and building panels.

● Strength and Durability: Some mycelium-based materials exhibit impressive strength and durability, making them suitable for load-bearing elements in construction.

● Biomimicry Potential: The use of mycelium in construction allows for the exploration of biomimicry principles, leveraging nature’s design to create more efficient and sustainable buildings.

● Air Quality Improvement: Mycelium has the ability to decompose organic matter and can potentially help improve indoor air quality by removing harmful substances.

● Potential Cost Savings: While further research and development are needed, mycelium-based materials can become cost-competitive with traditional construction materials, leading to cost savings in the long run.

● Promotion of Circular Economy: Incorporating mycelium and fungal-based materials into construction practices aligns with circular economy principles by utilizing waste streams and renewable resources regeneratively.

Fungal-based construction solutions present a huge opportunity to help realize the UN Sustainable Development Goals, namely:

#9 Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation by fostering innovation in construction using biological, adaptive and resilient materials;

#11 Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable by reducing the local disaster risks in case of intense meteorological events and construction waste;

#12 Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns by using biological materials that require less energy, that are biodegradable, resilient and renewable;

#13 Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts by substituting non renewable and energy consuming resources with biological ones, by creating building structures resilient and adapt toa changing climate.

Systems Perspective

Scientific research suggests that mycelium-based construction and architecture have the potential to be feasible, cost-effective, and sustainable. However, it’s important to note that while mycelium-based construction shows promise, it is still in the early stages of development and adoption. Further research and innovation are needed to refine the manufacturing processes, optimize material properties, ensure structural stability, and meet regulatory standards. Nevertheless, the potential benefits of mycelium-based construction make it an　exciting area of exploration for sustainable architecture and design.

In particular, mycelium-based construction has the potential to be cheaper compared to traditional building materials like concrete or steel, although the exact cost savings can vary depending on several factors. The reasons are multiple, ranging from the fact that mycelium can be grown using low-cost or agricultural waste or byproducts such as straw, sawdust, or wood chips therefore making them readily available and inexpensive compared to the extraction and processing of materials like cement or steel. Also, mycelium cultivation and processing typically require less energy compared to the production of traditional building materials. The growth process of mycelium-based materials can be relatively low-tech and doesn’t involve high-temperature kilns or energy-intensive manufacturing processes. This can contribute to cost savings. Concerning construction techniques, mycelium-based materials can be molded or formed into desired shapes, reducing the need for complex construction techniques. This can potentially lower labor costs and construction time. Finally, these materials can often be grown on-site or near the construction site, minimizing transportation costs associated with moving heavy traditional building materials over long distances.

Moreover, when compared to other natural materials commonly used in sustainable construction, such as straw, earth, and others, mycelium-based construction offers several sustainability advantages, like resource utilization, lower embodied energy (embodied energy refers to the total energy required to extract, process, manufacture, and transport a material), reduced environmental impact (the growth of mycelium involves the sequestration of carbon dioxide, making it a potentially carbon-negative material, that could help mitigate climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions).

However, it’s important to note that the cost-effectiveness of mycelium-based construction is still being explored, and its commercial viability is subject to further research, development, and scale of production. The costs can vary based on factors such as the specific formulation, production scale, regional availability of raw materials, and local labor costs. On the other hand, the sustainability of different construction materials can depend on factors such as local availability, specific project requirements, and the context in which they are used. Each material has its own unique advantages and considerations in terms of sustainability, and the suitability of a particular material will depend on the specific project goals and constraints.

While fungal-based constructions hold tremendous potential, several challenges must be addressed for their widespread adoption. Scaling up production processes to meet construction demands while ensuring consistent quality and structural reliability remains a key challenge. Standardization and regulatory frameworks need to be developed to ensure safety and compliance. Integrating fungal-based materials with digital fabrication technologies can enhance design flexibility and precision. Furthermore, exploring the concept of biofabrication and living architectures opens up exciting possibilities for future construction practices.

Links and Contact Information

Links
Mogu website: https://mogu.bio/
Ecovative website: https://www.ecovative.com/
Biohm website: https://www.biohm.co.uk/

References:
Vallas, T., & Courard, L. (2017). Using nature in architecture: Building a living house with mycelium and trees. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 6(3), 318-328.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2017.05.003

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095263517300353